A local marine source of atmospheric particles in the High Arctic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The chemical composition of non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM1) was characterized at the Villum Research Station (Villum) at Station Nord in North Greenland during spring-summer 2016 using a Time of Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ToF-ACSM). The composition is dominated by sulfate (48%) and organic species (40%). Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified three key factors corresponding to a primary hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA), and two types of secondary organic aerosol: oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) and a marine organic aerosol (MOA). The HOA factor accounts for 5% of the organic aerosol mass, which is consistent with previous findings at Villum. The OOA factor accounts for 77% of the organic aerosol mass and correlates with accumulation mode particles, which supports previous findings indicating that oxidized organic aerosols are predominantly from long-range transport during winter and spring at Villum. The MOA factor was characterized by mass spectral fragments of methane sulfonic acid (MSA) from atmospheric oxidation of dimethyl sulfide, for which reason the MOA factor is considered to be of biogenic origin. MOA accounts for 18% of the organic aerosol mass and correlates with locally produced Aitken mode particles. This indicates that biogenic processes are not only a significant source of aerosols at Villum, but MOA also appears to be formed in the vicinity of the measurement site. This local geographical origin was confirmed through air mass back trajectory modelling and source-receptor analysis. During May, air masses frequently arrived from the east, with source regions for the MOA factor and therewith MSA located in the Barents Sea and Lincoln Sea with lesser contributions from the Greenland Sea. During June, air mass origin shifted to the west, with source regions for the MOA factor and MSA shifting correspondingly to Baffin Bay and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. While shifting transport patterns between May and June lead to shifting source regions, sea ice likely played a role as well. During May, marginal ice zones were present in the Barents Sea between Svalbard and Franz Josef Land, while during June, sea ice in the northern part of Baffin Bay retreated and sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago decreased. Although May and June experienced different transport patterns and sea ice conditions, levels of the MOA factor and MSA were similar between the months. This is likely due to similarities between marine biological activities in the Barents Sea and Baffin Bay. This research highlights the complex relationship between transport patterns, sea ice conditions, and atmospheric particle concentrations. Multiyear aerosol chemical composition from several High Arctic sites is encouraged to determine the full effects of ocean-atmosphere interactions and transport patterns on atmospheric aerosol concentrations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".