Evolution of Rayleigh−Taylor instability at the interface between a granular suspension and a clear fluid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report the characteristics of Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities (RTI) occurring at the interface between a suspension of granular particles and a clear fluid. The time evolution of these instabilities is studied numerically using coupled lattice Boltzmann and discrete element methods with a focus on the overall growth rate (σ¯) of the instabilities and their average wave number (k¯). Special attention is paid to the effects of two parameters, the solid fraction (0.10≤ϕ0≤0.40) of the granular suspension and the solid-to-fluid density ratio (1.5≤R≤2.7). Perturbations at the interface are observed to undergo a period of linear growth, the duration of which decreases with ϕ0 and scales with the particle shear time d/w∞, where d is the particle diameter and w∞ is the terminal velocity. For ϕ0>0.10, the transition from linear to nonlinear growth occurs when the characteristic steepness of the perturbations is around 29%. At this transition, the average wave number is approximately 0.67d−1 for ϕ0>0.10 and appears independent of R. For a given ϕ0, the growth rate is found to be inversely proportional to the particle shear time, i.e., σ¯∝(d/w∞)−1; at a given R, σ¯ increases monotonically with ϕ0, largely consistent with a linear stability analysis (LSA) in which the granular suspension is approximated as a continuum. These results reveal the relevance of the timescale d/w∞ to the evolution of interfacial granular RTI, highlight the various effects of ϕ0 and R on these instabilities, and demonstrate modest applicability of the continuum-based LSA for the particle-laden problem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".