A Novel 65 nm Active-Inductor-Based VCO with Improved Q-Factor for 24 GHz Automotive Radar Applications
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The inductor was primarily developed on a low-voltage CMOS tunable active inductor (CTAI) for radar applications. Technically, the factors to be considered for VCO design are power consumption, low silicon area, high frequency with reasonable phase noise, an immense quality (Q) factor, and a large frequency tuning range (FTR). We used CMOS tunable active inductor (TAI) topology relying on cascode methodology for 24 GHz frequency operation. The newly configured TAI adopts the additive capacitor (Cad) with the cascode approach, and in the subthreshold region, one of the transistors functions as the TAI. The study, simulations, and measurements were performed using 65nm CMOS technology. The assembled circuit yields a spectrum from 21.79 to 29.92 GHz output frequency that enables sustainable platforms for K-band and Ka-band operations. The proposed design of TAI demonstrates a maximum Q-factor of 6825, and desirable phase noise variations of -112.43 and -133.27 dBc/Hz at 1 and 10 MHz offset frequencies for the VCO, respectively. Further, it includes enhanced power consumption that varies from 12.61 to 23.12 mW and a noise figure (NF) of 3.28 dB for a 24 GHz radar application under a low supply voltage of 0.9 V.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it