Role of Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Dysfunction and Subcellular Defects Due to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is well-known to be associated with impaired cardiac function, massive arrhythmias, marked alterations in cardiac metabolism and irreversible ultrastructural changes in the heart. Two major mechanisms namely oxidative stress and intracellular Ca2+-overload are considered to explain I/R-induced injury to the heart. However, it is becoming apparent that oxidative stress is the most critical pathogenic factor because it produces myocardial abnormalities directly or indirectly for the occurrence of cardiac damage. Furthermore, I/R injury has been shown to generate oxidative stress by promoting the formation of different reactive oxygen species due to defects in mitochondrial function and depressions in both endogenous antioxidant levels as well as regulatory antioxidative defense systems. It has also been demonstrated to adversely affect a wide variety of metabolic pathways and targets in cardiomyocytes, various resident structures in myocardial interstitium, as well as circulating neutrophils and leukocytes. These I/R-induced alterations in addition to myocardial inflammation may cause cell death, fibrosis, inflammation, Ca2+-handling abnormalities, activation of proteases and phospholipases, as well as subcellular remodeling and depletion of energy stores in the heart. Analysis of results from isolated hearts perfused with or without some antioxidant treatments before subjecting to I/R injury has indicated that cardiac dysfunction is associated with the development of oxidative stress, intracellular Ca2+-overload and protease activation. In addition, changes in the sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-handling, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation as well as myofibrillar Ca2+-ATPase activities in I/R hearts were attenuated by pretreatment with antioxidants. The I/R-induced alterations in cardiac function were simulated upon perfusing the hearts with oxyradical generating system or oxidant. These observations support the view that oxidative stress may be intimately involved in inducing intracellular Ca2+-overload, protease activation, subcellular remodeling, and cardiac dysfunction as a consequence of I/R injury to the heart.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".