The Subsequent Development of the Berne Convention, 1886–1971
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter examines the changes which have been made to the Berne Convention from its inception in 1886 until the adoption of its last revised text in Paris in 1971. Article 17 of the 1886 Act provided for periodic revisions, and these (apart from the first and last) have occurred at roughly twenty-year intervals during this period: in 1896, 1908, 1928, 1948, 1967, and then, finally, 1971. There was also one minor addition made in 1914, when, at Canada’s request, the UK Government drafted a protocol permitting the government of a Berne Union country to restrict protection in the case of authors from non-Union countries which failed to protect the authors from the Union country ‘in an adequate manner’. Since 1971, developments concerning the Berne Convention have largely happened ‘off stage’, or in different arenas, such as the World Trade Organization (established in 1994). Nonetheless, in this post-1971 period, the Convention has continued to be the centrepiece of the international copyright system and, in many ways, has become even more critical than it was in the pre-1971 period.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".