Effect of freeze–thaw and wetting–drying cycles on the CBR, shear strength, stiffness and permanent deformation of crushed waste rocks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Waste rocks produced from mining operations are widely reused for the construction of mine haul roads. However, seasonal changes expose mining facilities to repeated freeze–thaw and wetting–drying cycles which can significantly affect the geotechnical characteristics of the materials in situ. In this study, cyclic and monotonic triaxial and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted to measure the geotechnical properties of crushed waste rocks subjected to freeze–thaw and wetting–drying cycles. Results showed that freeze–thaw cycles caused a reduction of the resilient modulus and shear strength, and an increase of the permanent deformation. A greater water content during freeze–thaw cycles resulted in a significant increase of the permanent deformation. Wetting–drying cycles could contribute to increase the stiffness, CBR and permanent deformation of crushed waste rocks. Predictive models were also developed to estimate the effect of freeze–thaw cycles on resilient modulus and permanent deformation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".