Release of bitumen from mature fine tailings in the presence of a polymeric dispersant
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The effect of the addition of a polymeric dispersant, sodium lignosulphonate (LS), on the dispersion of mature fine tailings (MFT) was studied using zeta potential and total organic carbon measurements. Three different types of LSs were investigated to determine the importance of molecular weight and level of anionicity of LSs on the treatment of MFT. The presence of two fractions of bitumen was identified in the tested MFT sample. A small portion of bitumen was found to occur in the form of weakly held aggregates between bitumen and fine solids. This fraction was easily dispersed by small dosages of LS, resulting in bitumen liberation to the tailings surface. A much larger amount of bitumen was found to be strongly attached to the solids, and only very high dosages of LS were capable of partly liberating this fraction. The zeta potential promoted an understanding of the mechanism of adsorption of LS on the particles and liberation of bitumen from MFT. Carbon measurements facilitated determination of the adsorption density of the selected types of LS on solid particles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".