Influence of Porous Oxide Layer on Water Spray Cooling
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Steel production and processing are connected with the formation of an oxide layer on a hot surface of steel. The oxide layer influences cooling and the final quality of the steel. Spray cooling is mainly influenced by water impingement density and by surface temperature, but the influence of the oxide layer is not negligible. The oxide layer can be considerably porous. The porosity of the oxide layer significantly influences its thermal conductivity, because air pores have much lower thermal conductivity compared to pure oxides. In this paper, the influence of the oxide layer on water spray cooling is experimentally and numerically investigated. The heat transfer coefficient of an oxidized steel surface and a clean steel surface are compared and the effect of the oxide layer on the Leidenfrost temperature is studied. Also, the porosity of the oxide layer and the average thermal conductivity of the porous oxide layer are determined for different oxidation regimes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it