Variation in choice of prepositions with place names on the French L1–L2 continuum in Ontario, Canada
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study examines the use of prepositions à (‘in/to’), au (‘in the/to the’), and en (‘in/to’) with place names across the French first-language – second-language continuum in Ontario, Canada. The study draws on speech corpora collected among seven groups of students who use French and English to varying extents in daily life. Choice of expected prepositions in French is determined by complex rules reflecting a place name’s category and morphological and phonological properties, while in English it reflects the ‘+/– motion’ feature of the verb. The findings reveal that rates of expected preposition use are influenced to varying extents by the relative difficulty of the prepositions, the students’ position on the continuum, their individual use of French, and their susceptibility to the influence of inter-systemic transfer.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it