The influence of the country of origin and inbreeding on the productivity of bulls of main commercial breeds of Ukraine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Goal. To monitor the productivity of Holstein, Ukrainian black and red-spotted dairy bulls, which were allowed to reproduce breeding stock in 2021, depending on the country of birth, quality of offspring, and degree of inbreeding to preserve the gene pool, selection methods, and improvement of economically useful traits in offspring. Methods. The study was conducted on bulls of Holstein (660 heads), Ukrainian red-spotted (65), and Ukrainian black-spotted (45 heads) dairy breeds, assessed by the quality of offspring in the country of birth. The average values of the selection index (SI), milk yield, fat and protein, and the limits of traits were determined by the methods of mathematical statistics. Results. Among Holstein bulls, most were born in the United States, Ukraine, and Canada. The daughters of Holstein bulls of Ukrainian origin had the least milk yield for lactation (2,801 kg), and the Canadian had the highest (14,302 kg). SI bulls of the Ukrainian red-spotted dairy breed were at the level of – 1051…+1426. Daughter descendants of bulls of this breed had milk yield for lactation 2559–10209 kg, fat and protein content in milk 3.41–4.18 and 2.83-3.42%, respectively. SI of bulls of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed made – 1051…+1122, and milk yield of cows for lactation of 2022-9064 kg of milk with the fat content of 3,42–4,05% and protein — 3,04–3,23%. In the group of Holstein bulls, 82% of animals were inbred animals, in the Ukrainian red-spotted dairy breed — 68%, and in the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed — 51%. The highest milk yield for the daughters was provided by the breeders of Holstein and Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breeds of moderate inbreeding, Ukrainian red-spotted dairy breeds — distant. Conclusions. To increase milk yield in daughter offspring, it is advisable to use bulls of Holstein and Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breeds of moderate inbreeding (Fx=1.56–12.4%), Ukrainian red-spotted dairy breed — distant (Fx=0.2–1.55%).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".