Experimental investigation on the deformation characteristics of locking-steel- pipe (LSP) pile retaining structure during excavation in sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Locking-steel-pipe (LSP) piles connect with adjacent joints to form a pile row enclosure structure. Due to the advantages of quick construction, efficiency in installation, and recycle utilization, the connected LSP piles are frequently used as retaining structure in deep excavation. However, systematic studies of the deformation mechanism of the LSP pile retaining structure are rarely reported, and it still lack of experimental evidence to optimize the design. In this study, a braced supported excavation experimental model test in sand was designed and conducted to investigate the deformation characteristics of LSP pile retaining structure. Three dimensional (3D) printing technique was creatively applied to manufacture LSP model piles. The experimental results show that, a “S” shaped distribution of bending moments is observed along pile shaft when excavation is executed; the deflection of pile shaft develops deep-seated movements toward the excavation side as excavation went deeper, resulting in a “bowl” ground settlement. With the deflection of LSP piles, a rotating trend was occurred between pairs of locking joint, and the severe open deformation of locking joint arose on excavation side. There was a gradual reduction in earth pressure behind the LSP pile retaining wall with excavation depth. The earth pressure between two struts level had no obvious changing, owing to the supported effect of inner struts.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".