The Evolution of Economic Relations Between the USA and Canada: The Interdependence of the Two Economies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper presents the results of the study of the evolution of economic relations between the United States and Canada, since 1989. The agreements regulating the economic relations of these countries among themselves and with other trading partners. An economic and statistical study of Canada’s exports to Latin America and the Caribbean and imports from them was carried out. Both Canada and the United States have become leaders in creating an open and free space based on the principles of multilateral trade. The main characteristics of the free trade zone are mutual concessions in terms of access to markets for services and goods; discipline in terms of trade restrictions; the use of dispute settlement mechanisms. Nevertheless, some researchers question the effectiveness of this trading system. US President Joe Biden promises to take measures to intensify bilateral cooperation, but Canadians are concerned about his decision to cancel the Keystone XL pipeline project. The commitment of the American president to the policy of “buying American” also causes some unrest. The above determines the relevance of considering the issue related to economic cooperation between the United States and Canada in modern conditions. The following research methods were used in the work: the normative method and the method of political analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".