Measuring corporate diversity in financial services: a diversity index
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper provides a measure of corporate diversity in financial services. Our index is based on four components: ownership; competitiveness; balance sheet structure/resilience; and geographic spread. The first of these sub-indexes measures ownership diversity based on the Berry index of diversification and the Gini-Simpson index of biodiversity. It captures the extent of diversity in ownership types – for the UK, banks, mutuals, and the government owned National Savings & Investment – where each of these have different objectives, creating diversity in behaviour. Our second sub-index captures the extent of competition, and is based on the inverse of the Hirschmann-Herfindahl index of concentration. Our third sub-index measures diversity in balance sheet structures and resilience across the financial sector. Our final sub-index captures the extent of geographic spread and the regional concentration of financial services. These indicators are combined into a single index – the D-Index – that measures diversity in financial services. The D-Index shows a marked decline in the run-up to the 2007–2009 financial crisis, followed by further falls during 2008 and 2009. Since then, the index has remained more or less flat. We are no closer to creating the conditions – of diversity – to avoid a repeat of the 2007-2009 global financial crisis.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it