Ultralow-frequency seismic sounding of railway subgrade state by passing trains
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The degradation of the railway subgrade is a common cause for train accidents in Russia because of the extensive railway system and large areas of weak soils. We present a seismic monitoring technique that utilizes moving trains as signal sources to probe the properties of the subgrade. The broadband (periods up to 100 s) seismic sensors recorded signals over several weeks during a nonstop monitoring experiment. The large statistic allows us to identify the signals properties, and thus these signals are processed by an automated system. We defined the parameters of the low-frequency signal generated by a passing train that are sensitive to changes in the subgrade state. These are the ratio of amplitudes of horizontal components, and the time interval between the end of the train passage and the maximum amplitude surge in the component transversal to rails. We propose an analytical model to describe the interaction between a moving train and the subgrade that takes into consideration the viscosity of a substrate layer. The application of this model produces a consistent explanation of processes in the media and enables an “in situ” estimation of soil elasticity and viscosity, caused by seasonal thawing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".