Promoting Voice in Policing: The Role of Imagination, Centralization, and Psychological Safety
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article aims to trace the antecedents of promotive and prohibitive voicing in the police workforce. We draw from trait activation theory to develop a model that includes individual and organizational factors that can create or hinder the social support necessary for police officers to adopt voice behavior. Specifically, we argue feelings of psychological safety emerge and encourage voicing from imaginative individuals depending on the centralization dynamics in which they operate. We used time-lagged, survey-based data from 326 Canadian police officers to test our theory. We found that imaginative officers operating in a decentralized context exercise more voicing thanks to heightened feelings of psychological safety. However, imagination can backfire in a context of centralization because officers feel less psychologically safe and refrain from speaking out. Our study helps shed light on which officers can become inclined to engage in voice behavior and under what circumstances, which offers significant contributions to both theory and practice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".