Ultra-Miniaturized Antenna for Deeply Implanted Biomedical Devices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A small antenna system plays a vital role in wireless communication and monitoring of key-signs through information collected by implantable devices. Therefore, this study presents an ultra-miniaturized antenna for deeply medical implants, operating at 2.45 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. To achieve a miniaturized geometry, slotted ground plane and patch, a thin substrate, and a superstrate are used. A liquid crystalline polymer material (Rogers ULTRALAM; tan$\delta =0.0025$and$\epsilon _{r} =2.9$) is used as the substrate and superstrate. The proposed antenna has a surface area of 6$\times $6.5 mm2and a thickness of 0.2 mm. A realistic device-like environment and analysis in different implantation (homogeneous and heterogeneous + in different organs) sites are used to check and extend the applicability in realistic multiple implanted applications. To ensure the reliability of the communication, link budget is analyzed, which shows that the antenna can successfully communicates up to twenty meters. The proposed antenna has an impedance (10-dB) bandwidth of 480 MHz and peak realized gain of −16.5 dBi in homogeneous phantom. Further, to check the compliance with IEEE C905.1-2005 safety limits, the specific absorption rate is analyzed and found 185.56, 170.24, 134.5, and 124.2 W/kg., which limits with the radiated powers of the antenna to 9.21, 8.56, 10.54, and 12.48 mW in small intestine, large intestine, stomach, and heart, respectively. Finally, the antenna is fabricated and performedin-vitromeasurements by placing the integrated antenna inside minced pork. The measured results confirm the trends of the simulated results. The proposed antenna exhibits quasi-omnidirectional radiation patterns in both planes. The analysis confirm that the proposed antenna is suitable for deeply implanted biomedical devices such as leadless pacemakers and wireless capsule endoscopes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".