Eye-Gaze Metrics for Cognitive Load Detection on a Driving Simulator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Automated driving systems (ADSs) are becoming ubiquitous to reduce the workload of drivers and improve road safety. However, present-day ADS lacks accurate and effective driver monitoring systems. Driver monitoring systems use physiological measurements, such as pupil dilation, eye-gaze, and eye-blinks, in order to monitor the cognitive load experienced by the drivers. With advances in eye-tracking technology, pupil dilation is emerging as a reliable measure of cognitive load in ADS. However, pupil dilation as a measure of cognitive load suffers from many factors, such as confounding effects, noise, and personal attributes, to name a few. Hence, in order to improve cognitive load estimation in ADS, other noninvasive measures must be studied and incorporated. In this article, various eye-gaze metrics are studied and evaluated as a measure of cognitive load based on data collected from 16 drivers in a simulated driving scenario using a driving simulator.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".