Centralized Protection and Control System: Are We Ready for Deployment in the Chemical, Oil, and Gas Industry?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article discusses the recent trends and customer experience with the deployment of centralized protection and control (CPC) systems mainly by utility segment customers and its feasibility in the chemical, oil, and gas (COG) segment. (See “Abbreviations Used in This Article” for a list of abbreviations used throughout.) CPC represents a new approach to protection and control in power distribution networks—centralizing all protection and control functionality in one single device on the substation level. Being International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850-compliant and ready for future upgrades with the evolving grid, it supports optimal asset management. To demonstrate the improved utilization of technologies for CPC systems, this article describes (i) a new centralized/hybrid protection and control (HPC) scheme for the medium-voltage/low-voltage (MV/LV) network, (ii) benefits to substantially improve the “ease of operation and maintenance” of industrial plants, and (iii) supplier and end customer perspective with the pros and cons of this new CPC system and its feasibility for deployment in COG industries.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".