Reconstruction of the Last Stage of the Spread of Islam in Dagestan on the Basis of Local Arabic-language Written Sources (16th-17th Centuries)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article examines the process of the spread of Islam in Tsunta, i. e., in the southwestern part of Highland Dagestan, which is now part of the Tsuntinsky district of the Republic of Dagestan. By the end of the XV Century Tsunta was the only micro-region in Dagestan whose inhabitants did not yet adhere to Islam. The study is based on a comprehensive approach to the issue: the authors use information from epigraphic monuments, narratives, already published written sources, as well as oral traditions recorded by them. The latter are used only as an auxiliary source, which helps to bring additional facts to the reconstructed picture. The basic sources are local Arabic-language written sources, epitaphs of memorial monuments and written correspondence of representatives of the spiritual and political elite of Dagestan with the rural societies of mountain Dagestan. The former were identified by the authors in the Kortan locality, located in the Antsukh Gorge, Tlyaratinsky district. During the archaeographic expedition the authors also identified three Arabic-language letters, which contain answers to some key questions related to the topic under study. One of them, as it turned out, had already been previously published, but the authors offer their own version of the translation, as well as publish a copy of the letter for the first time. The other two letters are being researched for the first time. The authors have managed to identify a previously little-known phenomenon of the functioning of the Ghazi center in medieval Dagestan. From Kortan, with the involvement of volunteers from other settlements, military campaigns were organized against “pagan” communities that did not want to convert to Islam. From there, Qadis and other representatives of the Islamic clergy were appointed to Tsunta to carry out missionary work on the spot. We were also able to date the process of the spread of Islam in Tsunta, which took place from the end of the sixteenth century to the beginning of the eighteenth century.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".