Studying the fear effect in a predator-prey system with apparent competition
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
<p style='text-indent:20px;'>Recent experimental evidence shows that the mere presence of predators may largely reduce the reproduction success of prey. The loss of prey's reproduction rate is attributed to the cost of anti-predator defense of prey when the prey perceives predation risks. We propose a predator-prey model where the prey shares a common enemy that leads to apparent competition between the prey and also the cost of anti-predator defense. Analytical results give the persistence conditions for the population densities of the prey and the predator. Numerical simulations demonstrate rich dynamics, such as the bi-stability of an equilibrium and a limit cycle. Results also reveal how the prey and the predator may coexist when the anti-predator defense level varies in prey. A relatively strong anti-predator defense in the prey may drive the population density of the prey to extinction and change the original coexistence of all the prey and the predator where the population densities oscillate periodically. Alternatively, strong anti-predator defense in the prey may facilitate the coexistence of the prey and the predator at a steady state.</p>
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it