Combined effects of insecticide and <scp>IGP</scp> on native and invasive ladybeetles in apple orchard
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis Pallas is an invasive species commonly found in Canadian apple orchards. It threatens native ladybeetles through exploitative competition and intraguild predation (IGP), including the 12 spotted ladybeetle Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer (Gagnon, Heimpel and Brodeur, 2011). Both species are exposed to novaluron, a reduced risk insecticide used against the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.), the primary pest in apple orchards. Previous research showed that novaluron is highly toxic for the invasive H. axyridis , but it is less toxic for the indigenous C. maculata . Novaluron reduces the adaptive value of IGP for H. axyridis but not for C. maculata . However, there is a lack of knowledge on the combined effect of novaluron and IGP outside laboratory conditions. This study explores under semi‐field conditions the effect of novaluron residues and IGP on the survival of H. axyridis and C. maculata larvae. IGP was assessed considering third instar larvae as predators. Results showed that novaluron was toxic for first instar larvae of both species after 10 days of exposure. When H. axyridis was the intraguild predator, novaluron increased the survival of the intraguild preys. Novaluron did not change the outcome of the IGP when C. maculata was the intraguild predator. These results indicate that novaluron can change the competition outcome between the invasive H. axyridis and a native ladybeetle species. This is the first demonstration that intraguild predation and competition may be greatly altered in the presence of pesticides.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".