Numerical simulations of the spread of point‐source liquid spills in inclined and rolling rectangular packed beds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Liquid spreading in thin rectangular vertical/inclined and oscillating porous media was simulated using a two‐fluid dynamic model as a preliminary step in the design of fixed‐bed reactors dedicated to marine applications. The model assessed the influence of capillary pressure and mechanical dispersion forces arising from the spatial inhomogeneity of point‐source liquid injections in packed beds with different particle sizes, liquid and gas flow rates, liquid viscosity, static bed tilts, and rolling amplitudes and periods. In mildly static inclined beds, the lateral gravity force component and the capillary pressure force were the main factors affecting the liquid spreading. However, at considerable bed inclinations, the liquid phase accumulation in the lowermost regions of the packed bed tended to shrink the liquid spreading. Dynamic oscillatory evolutions of the liquid spills in the rolling bed enlarged the liquid spreading length as compared to the static vertical bed due to combined lateral liquid flow and increased liquid residence time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".