Cytochrome C Oxidase Deficiency Detection Using SECM in Living Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cytochrome c Oxidase Deficiency (COXD) is an inherited disorder characterized by the absence, abnormality, or mutation in the genes encoding for the Cytochrome c Oxidase protein (COX)1. COXD results in severe muscle weakness, heart, liver and kidney problems and brain damage in infants, leading to death at birth or shortly thereafter2. With no cure for this disorder, finding an efficient, inexpensive, and early way of diagnosis is essential, as muscle biopsy, the current method of detection, is expensive, invasive, and time-consuming. Using electrochemistry, Cytochrome c Oxidase activity has successfully been quantified in bacteria, specifically in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli by employing the redox mediator N, N, N’,N’-tetramethyl-para-phenylene-diamine (TMPD)3. This presentation demonstrates that by means of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM), Cytochrome c Oxidase activity can also be quantified in living human epithelial and cancer cells. Thereby, COX oxidizes TMPD to TMPD+•, which is reduced at a microelectrode, regenerating TMPD. The resulting change in electrochemical current enables the quantification of COX activity. The presented research will form the basis for an analytical assay for the detection of COXD in infants, allowing for early intervention and saving lives of children. References 1,2 NORD. (n.d.). Cytochrome c Oxidase Deficiency. National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/cytochrome-c-oxidase-deficiency/ 3 Kuss, S. et al. (2017). Electrochemical recognition and quantification of cytochrome c expression in Bacillus subtilis and aerobe/anaerobe Escherichia coli using N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-para-phenylene-diamine (TMPD). Chemical Science, (11). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7sc03498a
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".