(Invited) Metrology of Solution Processable 2D Materials for Electronic Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials have attracted intense interest due to their remarkable physical and electronic properties as well as their potential for a diverse range of applications. Many of these envisaged applications (i.e. printed/flexible electronics, energy storage, photovoltaics) require single or few layer flakes of a 2D material that can be dispersed in solution to facilitate deposition onto a substrate, formulation into an ink and/or mixing into a composite. A variety of powders and dispersions claiming to contain 2D materials such as graphene are now becoming available but the variable quality of these materials and lack of standardized protocols for their assessment is hampering the development of applications. Here we will describe ongoing work at the NRC aimed at developing characterization methods and standard protocols to characterize graphene and graphene oxide (GO) powders, dispersions and inks. We employ a variety of experimental techniques including scanned probe microscopies (AFM and STM), vibrational spectroscopy (Raman and FTIR), X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering in order to characterize the structure and chemical composition of in-house and commercially available materials. These methods allow us to measure key parameters to assess material quality such as flake thickness and lateral size, carbon to oxygen ratio and impurity content. Conductivity and work function of ultrathin films produced from various graphene and graphene oxide containing dispersions have been also measured. The performance of these films as transparent conductors can be characterized by a figure of merit based on the optical transmission and conductivity of the film. Performance of films made via reduction of GO will be compared with those based on graphene exfoliated without oxidation. Recently we have begun to extend this work to dispersions of other two-dimensional materials such as the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC). Initial characterization of commercially available TMDCs will be presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.016 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".