Bibliographic record
Abstract
Combing advantages of both Zn anode and carbon cathodes, zinc ion capacitors (ZICs) hold great potentials for electrical vehicles and grid storage. To meet practical applications, high-mass-loading electrodes and harsh environment need to be considered when designing energy storage devices. For one, high-loading electrodes bring simultaneously the dense packing of active materials in limited space and the reduction of inactive components, leading to lower production cost and higher energy densities at the cell level compared with thin electrodes. That is why active mass loadings must be no less than 10 mg cm −2 for practical applications and typical values for commercial energy storage devices are 10-20 mg cm -2 . However, this is not the case in most research papers with typical loadings of only 1-4 mg cm -2 . On the other hand, low and high temperature environment will be encountered in not only extreme regions like North Pole and outer space but also residential areas with ever-changing climate. As such, it is critical to develop cells working in a wide-temperature range of −30 °C–50 °C for most human habitats and a broader range from −50 °C to 70 °C for military uses . Strangely, those two important factors are often ignored in the development of ZICs. In this work, we demonstrate workable ZICs under extreme conditions through the incorporation of activated carbon, aqueous binder and concentrated electrolyte. First, with highly exposed surface area and enriched oxygen, nitrogen dopants, the activated carbon manifests large electrical double layer capacitance and Faradic pseudocapacitance. Second, sodium alginate-based aqueous binder shows better electrolyte wettability than the commonly used polymer binder, resulting in much improved capacitance. Third, highly concentrated electrolyte enables large zinc stripping/plating efficiency, long life cycles as well as low frozen temperature due to reduced hydrogen bonding interaction of water. Three keys combined unlock ZICs with a large capacitance of 436 F g −1 (capacity: 200 mAh g -1 ), ultrafast kinetics, ultralong cycles, ultrahigh loadings (10 mg cm -2 ), and wide-temperature cycling (-60 o C ~ 60 o C), resulting in a maximum energy density of 134.8 Wh kg −1 and power density of 118.4 kW kg −1 based on AC electrode, which lies among the best performance level for carbon-based ZICs.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".