Silencing Those Who Speak Up against Corporate Power: Strategic Lawsuits against Public Participation (SLAPPs) in Europe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On 31 May 2016, Resolute Forest Products, a Canadian pulp and paper manufacturer, filed suit against Greenpeace and Stand.earth, environmental organizations that had been engaged in a campaign against Resolute regarding its allegedly unsustainable forestry activities. Resolute accused Greenpeace of racketeering under the United States’ Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act, arguing that Greenpeace is a criminal enterprise. Resolute claimed that Greenpeace is a ‘global fraud’ and that it has ‘fraudulently induced people throughout the United States and the world to donate millions of dollars based on materially false and misleading claims about its purported environmental purpose and its “campaigns” against targeted companies’. According to Resolute, ‘maximizing donations, not saving the environment, is Greenpeace’s true objective’.1 After a long legal battle in which the case was transferred to the Northern District of California, the US District Court for the Northern District of California dismissed the RICO charges on 22 January 2019, and ordered Resolute to pay part of the defendants’ legal fees. Resolute had previously filed a similar defamation case against Greenpeace Canada and two of its staff members for allegedly distorting the truth in order to raise money. Resolute also lost this case as the Ontario Supreme Court stated that there was not a single example of Greenpeace engaging in the alleged behaviour. The court described the allegations as ‘scandalous and vexatious’. Greenpeace was also sued in relation to its campaign against the Dakota Access Pipeline, by Energy Transfer, in a $900 million case led by Resolute’s lawyers. The District Court of North Dakota dismissed these claims as well.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".