Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter explains how grassroots activism influenced pivotal votes in Congress and stopped Arctic Refuge drilling from being approved during the presidency of George W. Bush. It features a wide range of activists, including Leanne Allison and Karsten Heuer who followed the Porcupine caribou herd from Old Crow, Yukon, to the Arctic Refuge and back—a story told in the documentary film Being Caribou. The chapter emphasizes the impact of grassroots visual culture—including Being Caribou screening parties and slide show and film tours by Subhankar Banerjee, Jeffrey Barrie, Lenny Kohm, and Ken Madsen—in galvanizing public support for refuge protection. While the chapter focuses on the narrow time frame of political history, it also reflects on the longer history of Indigenous protection of Arctic lands that made possible the individual epiphanies of visitors to their lands. Indigenous agency directly shaped the forms of activism adopted by Allison, Banerjee, Barrie, Heuer, Kohm, Madsen and other non-Indigenous refuge defenders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".