Crosslinked ion diffusion inhibitors stabilize 3D/2D perovskite heterostructures for efficient and stable photovoltaics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) and quasi-2D modifications of 3D perovskite active layers have contributed to advances in the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs); however, the ionic diffusion between the surface 2D and bulk 3D perovskites leads to the degradation of the 2D/3D perovskite heterostructure and limits the long-term stability of PSCs. Here we incorporate a crosslinked ion diffusion inhibitor (CDI) on the top of a 3D perovskite layer, and then deposit a 2D perovskite layer via a vapor-assisted two-step process to form a 3D/CDI/2D perovskite heterostructure. Photoluminescence spectra and thickness-profiled elemental analysis indicate that it is by inhibiting ion diffusion between the 2D and 3D perovskites that the CDI stabilizes the heterostructures. Based on carbon electrodes, we report small-area devices with an efficiency of 21.17%, and mini-modules with an efficiency of 19.56%. After 4,390-hours operation under maximum power point tracking and one-sun illumination at elevated temperature, devices retain 90% of initial performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".