SARS-CoV-2 Delta spike protein enhances the viral fusogenicity and inflammatory cytokine production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Delta variant had spread globally in 2021 and caused more serious disease than the original virus and Omicron variant. In this study, we investigated several virological features of Delta spike protein (SP Delta ), including protein maturation, its impact on viral entry of pseudovirus and cell-cell fusion, and its induction of inflammatory cytokine production in human macrophages and dendritic cells. The results showed that SPΔC Delta exhibited enhanced S1/S2 cleavage in cells and pseudotyped virus-like particles (PVLPs). Further, SPΔC Delta elevated pseudovirus entry in human lung cell lines and significantly enhanced syncytia formation. Furthermore, we revealed that SPΔC Delta -PVLPs had stronger effects on stimulating NF-κB and AP-1 signaling in human monocytic THP1 cells and induced significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokine, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, released from human macrophages and dendritic cells. Overall, these studies provide evidence to support the important role of SPΔC Delta during virus infection, transmission, and pathogenesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".