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Reconstruction of interactions in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector with Pandora
A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, Mark Adamowski, D. L. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, Antoni Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, Zahid Ahmad, J. Ahmed, B. Aimard, F. Akbar, B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh, K. K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, C. Alt, R. Alvarez, P. Amedo, John Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andreotti, M. P. Andrews, F. Andrianala, S. Andringa, Н. Анфимов, Artur M. Ankowski, M. Antoniassi, M. Antonova, A. Antoshkin, Stefan Antusch, Alfredo Aranda, L. Arellano, L. O. Arnold, M. A. Arroyave, J. Asaadi, L. Asquith, A. Aurisano, V. Aushev, D. Autiero, V. Ayala Lara, M. Ayala-Torres, F. Azfar, H.O. Back, J. J. Back, C. Backhouse, I. Bagaturia, L. Bagby, N. Balashov, S. Balasubramanian, Pierre Baldi, B. Baller, B. Bambah, F. Barão, Gabriela Barenboim, Gareth J. Barker, Wayne Barkhouse, C. Barnes, G. Barr, J. Barranco Monarca, A. L. F. de Barros, N. Barros, J. Barrow, A. Basharina-Freshville, A. Bashyal, V. Basque, C. Batchelor, James Battat, Francesca De Battisti, F. Bay, M. C. Q. Bazetto, J. L. Bazo Alba, J. F. Beacom, E. Bechetoille, B. Behera, E. Belchior Batista Das Chagas, L. Bellantoni, G. Bellettini, Vincenzo Bellini, O. Beltramello, N. Benekos, C. Benitez Montiel, F. Neves, J. Berger, S. Berkman, P. Bernardini, R. M. Berner, A. Bersani, S. Bertolucci, M. Betancourt, A. Betancur Rodríguez, A. J. Bevan, Y. Bezawada, Anibal Bezerra, T. J. Bezerra, A. Bhardwaj, V. Bhatnagar, M. Bhattacharjee, D. Bhattarai, Shyam Bhuller, B. Bhuyan, S. Biagi, J. M. Bian, M. Biassoni, K. Biery, B. Bilki, M. Bishai, A. Bitadze, A. Blake, F. d. M. Blaszczyk, G. Blazey, J. Boissevain, S. Bolognesi, T. Bolton, L. Bomben, M. Bonesini, Cesar Bonilla, F. Bonini, Andrew Booth, F. Boran, S. Bordoni, A. Borkum, N. Bostan, P. Bour, D. Boyden, Barnali Brahma, D. Braga, D. Brailsford, A. Branca, A. Brandt, J. Bremer, C. Brew, S. J. Brice, C. Brizzolari, C. Bromberg, J. J. Brooke, A. Bross, G. Brunetti, M. B. Brunetti, N. J. Buchanan, H. S. Budd, Ilya Butorov, I. Cagnoli, T. Cai, D. Caiulo, Roberta Calabrese, P. Calafiura, J. Calcutt, M. Cãlin, S. Calvez, E. Calvo, A. Caminata, A. Campos Benitez, D. Caratelli, D. Carber, J. M. Carceller, G. Carini, B. Carlus, M. F. Carneiro, P. Carniti, I. Caro Terrazas, H. Carranza, T. X. Carroll, J. F. Castaño Forero, A. Castillo, C. Castromonte, E. Catano-Mur, C. Cattadori, F. Cavalier, G. Cavallaro, F. Cavanna, S. Centro, G. B. Cerati, A. Cervelli, A. Cervera Villanueva, M. Chalifour, A. Chappell, Etienne Chardonnet, N. Charitonidis, A. Chatterjee, S. Chattopadhyay, M.S. Chavarry Neyra, H. Chen, M. Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, Zachary Chen-Wishart, Y. Cheon, D. Cherdack, C. Chi, S. Childress, R. Chirco, A. Chiriacescu, K. Cho, S. Choate, D. Chokheli, P. S. Chong, A. Christensen, D. Christian, G. Christodoulou, A. Chukanov, М. Chung, E. Church, V. Cicero, Peter Clarke, G. Cline, T. E. Coan, A.G. Cocco, J. A. B. Coelho, J. Collot, N. Colton, E. Conley, R. Conley, J. M. Conrad, M. Convery, S. Copello, P. Cova, L. Cremaldi, L. Cremonesi, J. I. Crespo-Anadón, M. Crisler, Esteban Cristaldo, J. Crnkovic, Ryan Cross, A. Cudd, C. Cuesta, Yanou Cui, D. Cussans, J. Dai, Olivia Dalager, H. da Motta, L. Da Silva Peres, C. David, Q. David, G. S. Davies, S. Davini, J. Dawson, K. De, S. De, P. Debbins, I. De Bonis, M. P. Decowski, A. de Gouvêa, P. C. de Holanda, I. L. De Icaza Astiz, A. Deisting, S. J. de Jong, A. Delbart, V. De Leo, D. Delépine, A. Dell’Acqua, Nicola Delmonte, P. De Lurgio, C. Densham, G. Deptuch, A. De Roeck, Valentina De Romeri, G. De Souza, R. Devi, R. Dharmapalan, M. Dias, J. S. Díaz, F. Díaz, F. Di Capua, A. Di Domenico, S. Di Domizio, L. Di Giulio, P. F. Ding, L. Di Noto, G. Dirkx, C. Distefano, R. Diurba, M. Diwan, K. Duffy, D. Doering, S. Dolan, F. Dolek, M. J. Dolinski, L. Domine, Y. Donon, D. Douglas, A. Dragone, G. Drake, F. Drielsma, L. Duarte, D. Duchesneau, P. Dunne, Bhaskar Dutta, Hongyue Duyang, O. Dvornikov, D. A. Dwyer, A. Dyshkant, M. Eads, A. Earle, D. Edmunds, J. Eisch, L. Emberger, S. Emery, P. Englezos, A. Ereditato, T. Erjavec, C. Escobar, L. Escudero Sanchez, G. Eurin, J. J. Evans, Erin Ewart, A. C. Ezeribe, Kevin Fahey, A. Falcone, C. Farnese, Y. Farzan, Dmitry Fedoseev, J. Félix, Yue Feng, E. Fernández-Martínez, F. Ferraro, L. Fields, P. Filip, F. Filthaut, R. Fine, G. Fiorillo, M. Fiorini, V. Fischer, R. S. Fitzpatrick, W. Flanagan, B. Fleming, R. Flight, S. Fogarty, W. Foreman, J. Fowler, W. Fox, J. Franc, K. Francis, D. Franco, J. Freeman, J. Freestone, J. Fried, A. Friedland, S. Fuess, I. K. Furic, K. Furman, A. P. Furmanski, A. Gabrielli, A. Gago, H. Gallagher, A. Gallas, A. Gallego-Ros, N. Gallice, V. Galymov, E. Gamberini, T. Gamble, F. Ganacim, Raj Gandhi, S. Ganguly, Fan Gao, S. Gao, D. García-Gámez, S. Gardiner, D. Gastler, J. Gauvreau, P. Gauzzi, G. Ge, N. Geffroy, B. Gelli, A. Gendotti, S. Gent, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam, P. Giammaria, Tommaso Jacopo Giammaria, N. Giangiacomi, D. Gibin, I. Gil‐Botella, C. Girerd, A. Giri, D. Gnani, O. Gogota, M. Gold, S. Gollapinni, K. Gollwitzer, R. A. Gomes, L. Gomez Bermeo, L. S. Gomez Fajardo, F. Gonnella, D. González Caamaño, D. González-Díaz, Manuel González-López, O. Goodwin, Sreetama Goswami, C. Gotti, E. Goudzovski, Carl Grace, R. Gran, E. Granados, Pierre Granger, C. Grant, D. Gratieri, P. Green, S. Green, Sallie Greenberg, L. Greenler, J. Greer, J. Grenard, C. Griffith, M. Groh, J. Grudzinski, K. Grzelak, Wei Gu, E. Guardincerri, V. Guarino, M. Guarise, R. Guenette, C. Guérard, M. Guerzoni, D. Güffanti, A. Guglielmi, B. Guo, Aseem Gupta, Vikas Gupta, K. K. Guthikonda, P. Guzowski, M. M. Guzzo, Sunwoo Gwon, C. Ha, K. Haaf, A. Habig, H. K. Hadavand, Rolf Haenni, A. Hahn, J. Haiston, P. Hamacher-Baumann, T. Hamernik, Philip Hamilton, J. Han, J. Hartnell, T. Hartnett, John L. Harton, T. Hasegawa, Ciaran Hasnip, Robert Hatcher, K. W. Hatfield, A. Hatzikoutelis, C. Hayes, K. Hayrapetyan, E. Hazen, M. He, A. Heavey, K. M. Heeger, J. Heise, S. Henry, M. Hernandez Morquecho, K. Herner, J. Hewes, C. Hilgenberg, T. S. Hill, S. J. Hillier, Alexander Himmel, E. Hinkle, L. R. Hirsch, J. Ho, J. Hoff, A. Holin, E. W. Hoppe, G. A. Horton-Smith, Matheus Hostert, A. Hourlier, B. Howard, R. Howell, I. Hristova, M. S. Hronek, J. Huang, Zachary Hulcher, G. Iles, N. Ilic, M. Iliescu, R. Illingworth, Gianfranco Ingratta, Ara Ioannisian, B. Irwin, L. Isenhower, R. Itay, C. M. Jackson, V. Jain, E. James, W. Jang, B. Jargowsky, F. Jediny, C. Jena, Yu Seon Jeong, C. Jesús-Valls, Xiangpan Ji, Jin-Liang Jiang, L. W. Jiang, S. Jiménez, A. Jipa, F. R. Joaquim, W. Johnson, N. Johnston, B. J. P. Jones, M. Judah, C. K. Jung, T. Junk, Y. Jwa, M. Kabirnezhad, A. Kaboth, І. Каденко, I. Kakorin, A. Kalitkina, D. Kalra, F. Kamiya, D. M. Kaplan, G. Karagiorgi, G. Karaman, A. Karcher, M. Karolak, Y. Karyotakis, S. Kasai, S.P. Kasetti, L. Kashur, N. Kazaryan, E. Kearns, P. Keener, Kevin J. Kelly, E. Kemp, O. Kemularia, W. Ketchum, S. H. Kettell, M. Khabibullin, A. Khotjantsev, A. Khvedelidze, Doojin Kim, B. King, Brian Kirby, M. Kirby, Joshua P. Klein, A. Klustová, T. Kobilarcik, K. Koehler, L.W. Koerner, D. H. Koh, S. Kohn, P. P. Koller, L. Kolupaeva, D. Korablev, M. Kordosky, T. Kosc, U. Köse, V. Alan Kostelecký, K. Kothekar, R. Kralik, L. Kreczko, F. Krennrich, I. Kreslo, W. Kropp, T. Kroupova, S. Kubota, Y. Kudenko, V. A. Kudryavtsev, Stephen Kuhlmann, S. Kulagin, Jason Kumar, Prashant Kumar, P. Kunze, R. Kuravi, N. Kurita, C. Kuruppu, V. Kus, T. Kutter, J. Kvasnička, D. Kwak, Andrew Lambert, Benjamin Land, C. Lane, K. Lang, T. J. Langford, M. Langstaff, J. Larkin, P. Lasorak, D. Last, A. Laundrie, G. Laurenti, A. Lawrence, I. Lazanu, Ryan LaZur, M. Lazzaroni, Taoran Le, S. Leardini, J. G. Learned, P. Lebrun, T. LeCompte, C. Lee, S. Lee, G. Lehmann Miotto, Ralf Lehnert, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira, M. Leitner, L. Mora Lepin, Shirley Weishi Li, Yangmu Li, Heng-Ye Liao, C. Lin, S. Lin, R. A. Lineros, J. Ling, A. Lister, B. R. Littlejohn, Junze Liu, Yinrui Liu, S. Lockwitz, T. Loew, M. Lokajı́ček, I. Lomidze, K. Long, T. Lord, J. M. LoSecco, W. C. Louis, X. Lu, X.-G. Lu, B. Lunday, X. Luo, E. Luppi, T. Lux, V. P. Luzio, J. Maalmi, D. B. MacFarlane, A.A. Machado, P. Machado, C. T. Macias, J. Macier, A. Madera, P. Madigan, S. Magill, K. B. M. Mahn, Arkady Major, J.A. Maloney, G. Mandrioli, R. C. Mandujano, J. Maneira, L. Manenti, S. Manly, W. A. Mann, M. Manrique Plata, V. N. Manyam, M. Marchan, A. Marchionni, William J. Marciano, D. Marfatia, C. Mariani, J. Maricic, Rodolphe Marie, F. Marinho, A. D. Marino, T. Markiewicz, D. Marsden, Marvin L. Marshak, C. Marshall, J. Marshall, J. Marteau, J. Martín-Albo, N. Martinez, D. A. Martínez Caicedo, P. Martínez Miravé, Sergey Martynenko, V. Mascagna, K. Mason, A. Mastbaum, F. Matichard, S. Matsuno, J. Matthews, C. Mauger, N. Mauri, K. Mavrokoridis, Isobel Mawby, R. Mazza, A. Mazzacane, E. Mazzucato, T. McAskill, E. McCluskey, N. McConkey, K. S. McFarland, C. McGrew, A. McNab, A. Mefodiev, Poonam Mehta, P. Melas, Olga Mena, H. Mendez, D. P. Méndez, A. Menegolli, Guang Wei Meng, M. D. Messier, W. Metcalf, Matthew Mewes, H. Meyer, T. Miao, Gregory J. Michna, V. Mikola, R. Milincic, G. Miller, William Miller, J. Mills, O. Mineev, A. Minotti, O.G. Miranda, Sandeep Miryala, C. S. Mishra, S. R. Mishra, A. Mislivec, Mote Mitchell, D. Mladenov, I. Mocioiu, K. Moffat, N. Moggi, R. Mohanta, T. Mohayai, N. Mokhov, J.A. Molina, L. Molina Bueno, E. Montagna, A. Montanari, C. Montanari, David Montanari, D. Montanino, L. M. Montaño Zetina, Sangjun Moon, M. Mooney, A. F. Moor, D. Moreno, D. Moretti, C. Morris, C. Mossey, M. Mote, E. Motuk, C. A. Moura, J. Mousseau, Gwenn Mouster, W. Mu, L. Mualem, J. Mueller, M. Muether, S. Mufson, F. Muheim, Alan Muir, M. Mulhearn, D. Munford, H. Muramatsu, M. Murphy, S. Murphy, J. Musser, J. Nachtman, Y. Nagai, Srishti Nagu, M. Nalbandyan, R. Nandakumar, D. Naples, S. Narita, A. Nath, A. Navrer-Agasson, N. Nayak, M. Nebot-Guinot, K. Negishi, J. K. Nelson, J. Nesbit, M. Nessi, D. M. Newbold, M. Newcomer, H. Newton, R. Nichol, F. Nicolas-Arnaldos, A. Nikolica, E. Niner, K. Nishimura, A. Norman, A. Norrick, R. Northrop, P. Novella, J. Nowak, M. Oberling, J. P. Ochoa‐Ricoux, A. Olivier, A. Olshevskiy, Y. Onel, Y. Onishchuk, J. Ott, L. Pagani, Guillermo Palacio, O. Palamara, S. Palestini, J. Paley, M. Pallavicini, C. Palomares, J. G. Panduro Vazquez, V. Paolone, V. Papadimitriou, R. Papaleo, A. Papanestis, S. Paramesvaran, Stephen Parke, E. Parozzi, Z. Parsa, M. Parvu, Silvia Pascoli, L. Pasqualini, J. Pasternak, J. R. Pater, C. Patrick, L. Patrizii, R. B. Patterson, S. Patton, T. Patzak, A. Paudel, B. Paulos, L. Paulucci, Z. Pavlovic, Greg Pawloski, D. Payne, V. Pec, S. J. M. Peeters, A. Pena Perez, E. Pennacchio, A. Penzo, O.L.G. Peres, J. Perry, D. Pershey, G. Pessina, G. Petrillo, C. Petta, R. Petti, V. Pia, F. Piastra, L. Pickering, F. Pietropaolo, V. L. Pimentel, G. Pinaroli, Komninos-John Plows, R. Plunkett, Federica Pompa, X. Pons, N. Poonthottathil, Francesco Poppi, S. Pordes, Joshua Porter, D. Porzio, M. Potekhin, R. Potenza, B. V. K. S. Potukuchi, J. Pozimski, M. Pozzato, S. Prakash, T. Prakash, M. Prest, S. Prince, F. Psihas, D. Pugnère, X. Qian, J. L. Raaf, V. Radeka, J. H. Rademacker, B. Radics, A. Rafique, Е. Raguzin, Mudit Rai, M. Rajaoalisoa, Igor Rakhno, A. Rakotonandrasana, L. Rakotondravohitra, R. Rameika, M. Ramirez Delgado, Bryan Ramson, A. Rappoldi, G.L. Raselli, P. N. Ratoff, S. Raut, Herilala Razafinime, R.F. Razakamiandra, J. S. Réal, B. Rebel, R. Rechenmacher, M. Reggiani-Guzzo, Juergen Reichenbacher, S. D. Reitzner, H. Rejeb Sfar, A. Renshaw, S. Rescia, F. Resnati, M. Ribas, Stefano Riboldi, C. Riccio, G. Riccobene, L. C. J. Rice, J. S. Ricol, A. Rigamonti, Y. Rigaut, E. V. Rincón, H. Ritchie-Yates, D. Rivera, A. Robert, Jan Rocha, Leon Rochester, M. Roda, P. Rodrigues, J.V. Rodrigues da Silva Leite, M. J. 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Bibliographic record
VenueThe European Physical Journal C · 2023
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicParticle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Canadian institutionsYork UniversityUniversity of Toronto
FundersInstituto Superior TécnicoNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaInstitut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des ParticulesScience and Technology Facilities CouncilHorizon 2020 Framework ProgrammeInstitut de Física d'Altes EnergiesUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaRussian Academy of SciencesGran Sasso Science InstituteIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiJunta de AndalucíaXunta de GaliciaUniversidad de GuanajuatoUniversidade de LisboaFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaUniversidad de GranadaFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de GoiásEuropean CommissionMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónFundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroImperial College LondonConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoHarvard UniversityNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekHarish-Chandra Research InstituteCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueEuropean Regional Development FundIowa State UniversityMinisterstvo Školství, Mládeže a TělovýchovyUniversitat de ValènciaSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungFermilabUniversità degli Studi dell'InsubriaNational Science FoundationUK Research and InnovationNational Energy Research Scientific Computing CenterFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di PadovaUniversità degli Studi di GenovaLaboratori Nazionali del Gran SassoCERNRoyal SocietyOffice of ScienceUniversity of HyderabadIdaho State UniversityU.S. Department of Energy
KeywordsParticle identificationNeutrinoAlgorithmProjection (relational algebra)DetectorPhysicsNuclear physicsMachine learningComputer scienceOptics
Abstract
Abstract The Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries provide pattern-recognition logic essential to the reconstruction of particle interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment far detector. ProtoDUNE-SP, located at CERN, is exposed to a charged-particle test beam. This paper gives an overview of the Pandora reconstruction algorithms and how they have been tailored for use at ProtoDUNE-SP. In complex events with numerous cosmic-ray and beam background particles, the simulated reconstruction and identification efficiency for triggered test-beam particles is above 80% for the majority of particle type and beam momentum combinations. Specifically, simulated 1 GeV/c charged pions and protons are correctly reconstructed and identified with efficiencies of 86.1 $$\pm 0.6$$ ± 0.6 % and 84.1 $$\pm 0.6$$ ± 0.6 %, respectively. The efficiencies measured for test-beam data are shown to be within 5% of those predicted by the simulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: Simulation or modeling
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.006
Threshold uncertainty score0.021
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.023
GPT teacher head0.281
Teacher spread0.259 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designSimulation or modeling
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations16
Published2023
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes