Adsorption of dye using natural clay from water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Removal of the dye methylene blue from water at different concentrations, adsorbent pH values and times was investigated. Natural clay was treated by cation exchange, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy analyses. The experimental results showed that a high pH promotes adsorption. The adsorption isotherms are described by the equations of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It is important to note that the quantity of calcium oxide (CaO) corresponding to calcite is higher in natural clay (9.7% by weight) compared to sodium (Na) montmorillonite fraction (2.01% by weight). This clearly shows that the clay d hkl spacing increased from d = 13.58 Å to d = 17 Å, which could be attributed to natural clay and sodium montmorillonite, which confirms good clay purification. The maximum capacities of dyes adsorbed on natural clay and sodium montmorillonite (Q max) are 142.85–250 and 80–277.77 mg/g, respectively. The correlation coefficients R 2 = 0.99 of the Freundlich and Langmuir models for natural clays and sodium montmorillonite have the same values. This indicates that the two models are the best for the adsorption of the dye methylene blue on natural clay and sodium montmorillonite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".