Investigating the Air Transport-Induced EKC Hypothesis: Evidence from NAFTA Countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Major goal of this manuscript is to evaluate the long run relationship of economic growth, energy consumption, CO2 emissions and air transportation within the context of EKC hypothesis. In this sense, ADF and PP unit root tests, FMOLS, DOLS, CCR and ARDL tests are performed in order to determine the coefficient of effects of independent variables on dependent variable CO2 emissions. The periods from 1970 to 2020 for variables are derived from World Banks and Ourworldindata official website as annual data. According to FMOLS, DOLS, CCR tests there is a long-term stable linkage between CO2 emissions and energy consumption from 1970 to 2020 for all NAFTA countries including USA, Canada, and Mexico which is demonstrated empirically. It can be interpreted that increased consumption of the non-renewable energy or fossil will increase the amount of carbon dioxide emissions. For this reason, all three countries need to benefit from more environmentally friendly renewable energy sources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".