Cement clinker production in an electrolyser
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The manufacture of cement from limestone is the single largest industrial source of CO2(g) emissions into the atmosphere. We report here an electrochemical flow reactor (electrolyser) that continuously converts limestone (CaCO3(s)) into Ca(OH)2(s) at a high rate of product formation (486 mg h-1 at 100 mA cm-2). The Ca(OH)2(s) product (slaked lime) is a chemical precursor to cement clinker, the main component of Portland cement, and other cement varieties. This three-compartment electrolyser operates with ~100% current efficiency at a cell voltage of 2.9 V and generates pure O2(g), H2(g), and CO2(g) streams that can be utilized downstream without purification. To demonstrate this feature, we feed the CO2(g) released from limestone directly to a second electrolyser that valorizes CO2(g) into higher value carbon-containing products (e.g., CO). A life-cycle analysis indicates that the proposed electrochemical process can decrease CO2 emissions per tonne of cement by 75% and achieve cost-parity with incumbent cement manufacturing processes with a carbon tax of $50/tonne CO2.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".