Synthesis of Nanoplatelet Zinc Borate and its Combination with Expandable Graphite and Red Phosphorus as Flame Retardants for Polypropylene
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The zinc borate nanoparticles (2ZnO.3B2O3.3H2O) were successfully prepared by precipitation reaction in aqueous solutions of borax and zinc sulfate using oleic acid as a surfactant. The structural, morphological characteristics and the wettability of the particle surface were studied through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the contact angle. The hydrophobic zinc borate (n-ZB) had nanoplatelet morphology with a diameter of 1.0 - 1.5 µm and thickness of about 90 nm. Nano zinc borate showed a synergistic influence with expandable graphite (EG) and red phosphorus (RP) on the flame retardant properties and thermo-oxidative stability of polypropylene (PP). The nanocomposite 7n-ZB/7RP/7EG/PP achieved the V-1 UL94 verticle burning test with a limited oxygen index of 23.7% and the char yield of 14.67 wt.% at 900 oC. Furthermore, the fire retardant performance and the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites loading ZB nanoparticles were improved compared with the composites employing commercial ZB microparticles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".