Zero-crossover electrochemical CO2 reduction to ethylene with co-production of valuable chemicals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To date, electrochemical reduction of CO2 (eCO2R) is plagued by undesirable carbonate formation and crossover that adds an energy penalty. Using a bipolar membrane, copper cathode, and gold nano-dendrite (Au-ND) anode, we report eCO2R to C2H4 on cathode coupled with glycerol oxidation on anode with zero carbonate crossover. The co-electrolysis system operated at high current densities of 175–225 mA/cm2 and C2H4 faradaic efficiency (FE) of 50%. The full cell voltages were between 3.9 and 4.4 V, which represented a decrease of 0.8 V versus conventional eCO2R. In addition, the Au-ND catalyst demonstrated high FE of 50% for glycolic acid (GA) production, which helped drive economic feasibility of the process. Our techno-economic analysis indicated that, while it would be improbable to commercialize a conventional eCO2R-to-C2H4 process, a co-electrolysis process to produce C2H4 from CO2 and GA from crude glycerol, with zero carbonate crossover, can attain a competitive minimum selling price (MSP) of C2H4 ∼$1.1/kgC2H4.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".