Expeditions of Łan Soldiers in the Writings of Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro is one of the leading Polish writers of the Old Polish era who dealt with military reform issues. The article presents his ideas on replacing the mass levy with a new type of military unit made up of the peasants appointed in a number proportionate to the size of arable land, presented in his four writings from the period between 1668 and 1675. Those soldiers were designated by the landowners of noble, royal, and Church estates. Initially, Fredro regarded them as mere support for the traditional mass levy and permanent mercenary troops (called in Polish wojsko zaciężne). Ultimately, however, he opted for limiting the latter to 5,000 soldiers of the so-called ‘quarter army’ (in Polish: wojsko kwarciane – as a quarter [kwarta] of income from the royal lands was to be used for their upkeep). In place of the mercenary army and mass levy, he proposed an expedition of soldiers drafted per the income or the land area (the number of lans, called in Polish łan or, in Latin, laneus). He expected as many as several tens of thousands of armed men, which, as practice showed, was unrealistic. In this context, Fredro’s proposals did not differ from similar ideas presented in numerous treatises and political writings throughout the seventeenth century. With few exceptions, mass levies and expeditions did not make an outstanding contribution to the history of the Commonwealth wars. However, the writer’s reasonable demands concerning the armament of cavalry and infantry, equipping them with large ammunition stocks, limiting the number of wagons, training soldiers, and providing adequate provisions for the army should be pointed out.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".