Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter is devoted to EU migration to the UK which is illustrated by looking at Polish migration. People have been migrating since time began; recently however, the issue of migration has been elevated to a key national concern in the UK. It is now one of the most contentious and divisive matters in contemporary Britain and beyond. Meanwhile, the government continually fails to deliver on its promise to reduce net migration to the tens of thousands. This chapter presents the most up-todate statistical data in relation to EU migration to the UK and migrant characteristics. This is contrasted with new qualitative data from Polish women migrants to the UK. This chapter also provides an explanation of the current complexities related to EU nationals’ rights in the UK. A series of qualitative accounts are presented to illustrate the abovementioned points: one of Kornelia, a low-skilled and low-waged factory employee, and that of Oliwia, a long-term well-integrated customer service manager, who notes “ I love the UK, but it broke my heart and I will leave ”. Historical overview and numbers Whilst the UK has witnessed many waves of international immigration over the centuries (Craig, 2012), Poland has by contrast been a country of emigration (Iglicka, 2010; Janeta, 2012); although, it is increasingly portrayed as a destination country, too (Keryk, 2010). In the second half of the 19th century Polish people (mainly poorer peasants and Jews) started moving away from eastern Poland. The most popular destinations were the USA followed by Canada and Australia. Germany, a neighbour to the west, also proved to be a common choice for work (Castles and Miller, 2009). Between the two World Wars many more Polish people decided to leave the country. As a result of the Second World War, the Polish borders moved to the west and mass displacement of Polish people, Germans, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Lithuanians occurred (White, 2011). It can be asserted that the history of Polish migration is as complex as that of the country itself. The first major inmigration was observed during the period of Poland's partitions (1772, 1793 and 1795), when Poland was successively divided between the great powers of central Europe, namely Russia, Austria and Prussia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.046 | 0.012 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".