Non-pharmacological methods of controlling nausea and vomiting during pregnancy in Iran: A narrative review study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Nausea and vomiting are common complaints of women in the first half of pregnancy. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods have been suggested to prevent nausea and vomiting. Since pharmacological treatments are associated with side effects, this study was performed with aim to investigate non-pharmacological methods of controlling nausea and vomiting during pregnancy in Iran.Methods: In this narrative or narrative review study, all the articles published in domestic Persian language journals were searched using the databases of SID, Magiran and Google Scholar search engines, and the use of Persian keywords of non-pharmacological methods, nausea, vomiting and pregnancy and a combination of these keywords between 2001 and 2021. In this study, only original and clinical trial studies were reviewed.Results: Among the searched 679 articles, 28 related articles which had all the information in the designed checklist were included in the study. Based on the results, several non-pharmacological methods including use of acupressure, Benson relaxation training, progressive muscle relaxation, Ottawa Nutrition Guide, Solar Soil Reflexology, Lemon Aromatherapy, Psychological counseling with a couple therapy approach, Family-centered Counseling, Telephone Support, and herbal remedies such as ginger, chamomile and cardamom were effective in treating pregnancy nausea and vomiting.Conclusion: The present study showed good evidence for the effectiveness and safety of all methods used in the studies. It seems that all non-pharmacological methods of nausea and vomiting such as acupressure can be used as very easy methods in the treatment of pregnant women; however, the present study was not able to evaluate the preference of the proposed methods that health care providers can choose from the methods supported by previous evidence from clinical trial studies according to the available facilities and patient preferences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".