The Paradox of Bodaboda Youth as Agents for Promoting and Preventing Violent Extremism in Tanzania
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The arrival of Motorcycle taxis (bodaboda) in the public transport sector in African and beyond have had far reaching opportunities and challenges in other realms of public affairs especially the economy and security. This paper examines the paradoxical nature of Bodaboda Youth in terms of their role in either promoting or/and preventing violent extremism in Tanzania. It seeks a nuanced understanding of the security dimensions of the bodaboda phenomenon with a focus on what the influx of bodaboda means for violent extremism (VE) and prevention of violent extremism (PVE) in Tanzania and elsewhere in Africa. Drawing on empirical evidence from Tanzania, and inspired by sound actor oriented perspectives, the article, defends the contention that Bodaboda Youth can actively and creatively participate VE operatives and PVE practices. Analytically, the paper challenges dominant discourses, which have tended to present a rather one-sided and reductionist view that represent youth as perpetrators of violence thereby silencing the diverse ways through which youth actually participate in addressing, reducing or containing violence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".