Temporal shifts in reproductive phenology of cycads: a comparative study in <i>Ceratozamia</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The reproductive phenology in plants consists of successive life cycle phases leading to reproductive success. In seed plants, cycads and other dioecious groups have complex reproductive systems, where individuals require synchronizations among two sexes and populations of the same species. Here, we analyzed phenology between populations of three geographically close species in the cycad genus Ceratozamia Brongn. We described the lifespan of pollen and ovulate strobili and their morphological changes throughout ontogeny and evaluated synchrony among reproductive events, focusing on the timing and abundance of the receptivity and open pollen phases. Our results showed that the reproductive timing in the three species was highly synchronous, and that the overlap between the receptivity and open pollen phases could point to gene flow among populations of different species. We identified a correlation between the reproductive patterns and the temperature and precipitation regimes. Pollen and ovulate strobili were produced during the rainy season, whereas the period of synchrony between receptivity and pollen occurred during the dry season. The seed release occurred during the rainy season, which could contribute to keep the seed moist and prevent the embryo from drying out. Finally, we highlight the utility of studies in wild populations for the ecological and evolutionary understanding of phenological patterns in cycads.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".