Assessing the risk of users of child sexual exploitation material committing further offences: a scoping review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aims of this scoping review were to determine: how practitioners assessed the risk from CSEM users; the tools commonly used; the populations these tools were designed for and the evidence-base for them. Digital databases and websites were examined to identify sources published in English from January 2000 onwards. In total 36 studies were identified conducted in the UK, Canada, the Netherlands, the USA, Australia, New Zealand, and Spain. Few studies examined or evaluated risk assessment practice. Most tools have not been validated with CSEM users, nor females, ethnic minority populations, or individuals with Autism, mental health conditions or disabilities. Although some tools could be used cautiously, with men convicted of both CSEM and contact sexual offences, they should be used only to rank individuals, as normed probabilities are not applicable. These findings pose challenges for professionals; work is urgently needed to develop and appropriately validate tools for this population.Practice impact statement This scoping review provides practitioners internationally, in particular those responsible for the risk assessment or case prioritisation of CSEM users, with an overview of the international, English language, evidence-base for risk assessment tools and processes for CSEM users. It should assist practitioners in the identification of the tools and processes that are most appropriate for their work and provide information that will be useful in reports, e.g. to justify the use of the tool(s) and note the limitations. Since the review highlights the urgent need for the development of and validation of tools, particularly those with dynamic variables, it is also important for practitioners, managers, and researchers responsible for developing tools and processes in this area.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".