Pancake-shaped freezing of a droplet impacting a supercooled surface: Evidence for a threshold temperature
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The residual diameter of a droplet at a temperature of 25 °C impacting a cold surface was investigated using high-speed photography. The temperature of the impacted surface was varied from −50 to 25 °C. A threshold temperature was found below which the impacting droplet freezes near the maximum spreading diameter, resulting in pancake-shaped freezing. However, above the threshold temperature, the lamella retracts before freezing. The maximum spreading diameter remains nearly unchanged for surfaces with various temperatures for the same Weber number. Variations of the threshold temperature required for pancake-shaped freezing as a function of the Weber number were determined. The threshold temperature decreases as the Weber number increases. A model for predicting the threshold temperature is proposed and compared with experimental observations. It is shown that it is the freezing time of the lamella tip that determines the threshold temperature.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it