The porcine cGAS-STING pathway exerts an unusual antiviral function independent of IFN and autophagy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The innate immune DNA sensing cGAS-STING pathway exerts strong antiviral activity through the downstream interferon (IFN) production; however, it has been recently recognized that IFN independent activity of STING also plays an important role in antiviral functions. Nevertheless, the IFN independent antiviral activity of STING is not fully understood. In this study, we showed that porcine STING (pSTING) played a critical role in anti-HSV1 and anti-VSV infections, and IFN defective mutants including pSTING pLxIS sub, S365A and ΔCTT all exhibited similar antiviral functions to wild type (WT) pSTING. Further, all these IFN defective pSTING mutants possessed a comparable autophagy activity relative to WT pSTING as expected. From pSTING WT, S365A and ΔCTT, the residues responsible for autophagy were mutated, which included L333A/R334A, Y167A/L170A and Y245A/L248A, respectively. Surprisingly, all these autophagy defective pSTING mutants still resisted from the two viral infections, demonstrating the pSTING antiviral function independent of IFN as well as autophagy. On the other hand, all the autophagy defective pSTING mutants triggered cell apoptosis, which was associated with the antiviral functions. Additionally, pSTING lost its antiviral activity in TBK1 -/- and IRF3 -/- porcine macrophages, indicating the involvement of TBK1 and IRF3 in other STING activity such as apoptosis. Collectively, our results revealed that STING exerts both IFN and autophagy independent antiviral activity, and also suggested that STING triggered cell apoptosis might resist from virus infections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".