The Pectoral from Kosika and the Origin of the Scenes of Animal Combat in Graeco-Scythian Goldwork
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This article concerns a gold pectoral found in burial No. 1/1984 in Kosika in the Lower Volga area. The destroyed burial was dated by us to the third quarter of the 1st century BC. Based on visual examination of the pectoral in 2015, an attempt is made to re-establish its history: to determine when it was created – no later than the first half of the 5th century BC – and when it was repaired and re-worked at the end of the 5th century or during the first third of the 4th century BC and also to explain how this unique object of Scythian culture of the North Pontic area, insignia of royal power and one of the earliest works depicting scenes of animal combat, appearing at the very beginning of the Graeco-Scythian style in toreutics, found its way into a far later burial (at least 300 years after it had been re-worked), that of a representative of the highest Sarmatian élite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".