Bibliographic record
Abstract
<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) constitutes a large fraction of atmospheric aerosol. To assess its impacts on climate and air pollution, knowledge of the number of phases in internal mixtures of different SOA types is required. Atmospheric models often assume that different SOA types form a single phase when mixed. Here, we present visual observations of the number of phases formed after mixing different anthropogenic and biogenic SOA types. Mixing SOA types generated in environmental chambers with oxygen-to-carbon (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="528ec602ad41012dbd8700839f42941d"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-22-13783-2022-ie00001.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-22-13783-2022-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) ratios between 0.34 and 1.05, we found 6 out of 15 mixtures of two SOA types to result in two phase particles. We demonstrate that the number of phases depends on the difference in the average <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="aa3ee63d16a9544135a7a9f6ec90028c"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-22-13783-2022-ie00002.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-22-13783-2022-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ratio between the two SOA types (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Î</mi><mo>(</mo><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="328195da7909b5c4cb614c0bf8a8bd94"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-22-13783-2022-ie00003.svg" width="40pt" height="14pt" src="acp-22-13783-2022-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>). Using a threshold <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Î</mi><mo>(</mo><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="345ea5224389a4431c174ed792bf652a"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-22-13783-2022-ie00004.svg" width="40pt" height="14pt" src="acp-22-13783-2022-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> of 0.47, we can predict the phase behavior of over 90â% of our mixtures, with one- and two-phase particles predicted for <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Î</mi><mo>(</mo><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo><mi mathvariant="italic"><</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">0.47</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="69pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="85e11743d368a34615b250aed7486249"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-22-13783-2022-ie00005.svg" width="69pt" height="14pt" src="acp-22-13783-2022-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Î</mi><mo>(</mo><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo><mo>â¥</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.47</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="74pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="cffdd3a40a1ec62543c0ff65ba1e271e"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-22-13783-2022-ie00006.svg" width="74pt" height="14pt" src="acp-22-13783-2022-ie00006.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, respectively. This threshold <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Î</mi><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="33pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="770fa35bca8ef870e4a32e2278a43243"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-22-13783-2022-ie00007.svg" width="33pt" height="14pt" src="acp-22-13783-2022-ie00007.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> value provides a simple parameter to predict whether mixtures of fresh and aged SOA form one- or two-phase particles in the atmosphere. In addition, we show that phase-separated SOA particles form when mixtures of volatile organic compounds emitted from real trees are oxidized.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.132 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".