Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This chapter centers on the shrine (mazar) of M. R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen (d. 1986) located in Coatesville, Pennsylvania. Gleaning theoretically from David Chidester and Edward T. Linenthal’s framing of sacred space in America as political, cultural, and entangled, it draws attention to the contested rituals and practices at the shrine of Bawa Muhaiyaddeen as a form of boundary-making among its polyvalent users and shrine keepers, which include diverse American Sufi members of the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship and newly arriving Muslim diasporic pilgrims. The aim of the analysis is to invite scholars and students of religions to consider the ways in which an examination of a Sufi space in America can provide productive insights into claims of legitimate Sufi praxis among American and immigrant Sufis through the enactment of ritual practices and boundary-making at a sacred space. It showcases how a focused exploration of this particular Sufi shrine in Pennsylvania reveals the deep roots of Sufism and Islam in the broader spatial milieu of American religions and spirituality, one that calls for a more intentional and robust inclusion of non-Protestant White Christian religious traditions and voices in the narratives of American religions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".