Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ixodes brevisetosus n. sp. from Papua New Guinea, Ixodes contrarius n. sp. from Costa Rica, Ixodes guglielmonei n. sp. from Argentina and Chile, Ixodes insulae n. sp. from Australia, Ixodes moralesi n. sp. from Guatemala and Panama, Ixodes rio n. sp. from Brazil, Ixodes robbinsi n. sp. from Canada and the United States and Ixodes tinamou n. sp. from Peru (Acari: Ixodidae) are described based on females, nymphs and larvae from various avian hosts (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae; Falconiformes: Falconidae; Galliformes: Cracidae, Odontophoridae, Phasianidae; Passeriformes: Acanthizidae, Cardinalidae, Emberizidae, Fringillidae, Furnariidae, Melanocharitidae, Orthonychidae, Paridae, Passeridae, Petroicidae, Thamnophilidae, Troglodytidae, Turdidae; Strigiformes: Strigidae; Tinamiformes: Tinamidae) and a rodent (Rodentia: Muridae). Females, nymphs and larvae of all new species are similar to those of Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904, but can be distinguished by the shape of the scutum and basis capituli, relative length of idiosomal setae, auriculae and internal projection on palpal segment I, degree of development of dorsoapical and mesodorsal spurs on palpal segment I, and measurements and proportions of various structures. Females, nymphs and larvae of I. auritulus s. str. are redescribed based on specimens from passerine birds (Furnariidae, Troglodytidae, Turdidae) in Chile. The subspecies I. auritulus zealandicus Dumbleton, 1961 is elevated to species status, Ixodes zealandicus Dumbleton, 1961. Based on our extensive survey and morphological analyses, we evaluate the actual species richness in the I. auritulus species group and discuss future directions in the systematics of this group of ticks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".