<i>Vibrio cholerae</i> alkalizes its environment via citrate metabolism to inhibit enteric growth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative pathogen, living in constant competition with other bacteria in both marine environments and during human infection. One competitive advantage of V. cholerae is the ability to metabolize diverse carbon sources such as chitin and citrate. We observed that when V. cholerae strains were grown on a medium with citrate, the medium’s chemical composition turned into a hostile alkaline environment for Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri . We found that although the ability to exclude competing bacteria was not contingent on exogenous citrate, V. cholerae citrate metabolism mutants Δ oadA -1, Δ citE , and Δ citF mutants were not able to inhibit S. flexneri or E. coli growth. Lastly, we demonstrated that while the V. cholerae mediated increased medium pH was necessary for the enteric exclusion phenotype, secondary metabolites such as bicarbonate (protonated to carbonate in the raised pH) from the metabolism of citrate enhanced the ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli . These data provide a novel example of how V. cholerae outcompetes other Gram-negative bacteria.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".