The History of Black People in Canada and the Intersection of Policies on Their Settlement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this literature review was to explore the historical account of Black people in Canada and the intersection of settlement policies on their experiences. We searched databases such as JSTOR, Taylor and Francis Online databases, ProQuest Online databases using keywords such as: “Canadian immigration”, “Black Settlement”, “Jamaican immigrants”, “Haitian immigrants”, “continental African”, “Western Canada”, and “Black History in Canada” to identify published peer reviewed manuscripts and grey literature on Black settlement in Canada. Furthermore, we electronically searched well-known White and Black scholars who research Black populations such as James Walker, Robin Winks, and Makeda Silvera for publications on the topic. Major findings described in the review include the arrival of Canada’s first documented Black immigrant in 1608 which is tied to the transatlantic slave trade, the lack of population and promises of land in the Canadian Prairies in the 19th century, which attracted Black immigrants. Furthermore, the review highlights major occurrences of Black settlement in Canada from the Caribbean in the 1950s and continental Blacks from the African continent in the 1960s. The review also sheds light on Blacks not being the preferred immigrants in the 19th century and the impact of Canadian policies including, but not limited to: the exclusionary Canadian Immigration Act of 1919. The other major historical events are the implementation of immigration policies that emphasized economic immigration which took place in the 1990s. Through all the challenges Black settlers encountered, their resilience was evident in their settlement experiences and successes. We recommend the development of new policies that promote inclusion and social justice for Black people and racialized immigrants in Canada. Résumé: L’objectif de cette revue de la littérature était d’explorer le récit historique des noires au Canada et l’intersection des politiques d’établissement sur leurs expériences. Nous avons effectué des recherches dans des bases de données telles que JSTOR, les bases des données électronique «Taylor and Francis», «ProQuest» en utilisant des mots-clés tels que : «immigration canadienne», «établissement des Noirs», «immigrants jamaïcains», «immigrants haïtiens», «Afrique continentale», «Ouest du Canada» et «histoire des Noirs au Canada» afin d’identifier les manuscrits publiés évalués par des pairs et la littérature grise sur l’établissement des Noirs au Canada. De plus, nous avons effectué une recherche électronique auprès d’érudits blancs et noirs bien connus, qui effectuent des recherches sur les populations noires, comme James Walker, Robin Winks et Makeda Silvera, pour trouver des publications sur le sujet. Les principales conclusions décrites dans l’examen comprennent l’arrivée du premier immigrant noir documenté au Canada en 1608, qui est liée à la traite transatlantique des esclaves, le manque de population et les promesses de terres dans les Prairies canadiennes au 19e siècle, qui ont attiré les immigrants noirs. En outre, l’étude met en lumière les principaux cas d’établissement de Noirs au Canada en provenance des Caraïbes dans les années 1950 et de Noirs continentaux du continent africain dans les années 1960. L’étude met également en lumière le fait que les Noirs n’étaient pas les immigrants préférés au 19e siècle et l’impact des politiques canadiennes, y compris, mais sans s’y limiter, la loi d’exclusion sur l’immigration canadienne de 1919. Les autres événements historiques majeurs sont la mise en œuvre de politiques d’immigration mettant l’accent sur l’immigration économique, qui a eu lieu dans les années 1990. Malgré tous les défis rencontrés par les colons noirs, leur résilience s’est manifestée dans leurs expériences d’établissement et leurs réussites. Nous recommandons l’élaboration de nouvelles politiques qui favorisent l’inclusion et la justice sociale pour les Noirs et les immigrants racialisés au Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".