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Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients
Jingjing Liang, Javier G. P. Gamarra, Nicolas Picard, Mo Zhou, Bryan C. Pijanowski, Douglass F. Jacobs, Peter B. Reich, Thomas W. Crowther, G.J. Nabuurs, Sergio de‐Miguel, Jingyun Fang, Christopher W. Woodall, Jens‐Christian Svenning, Tommaso Jucker, Jean‐François Bastin, Susan K. Wiser, Ferry Slik, Bruno Hérault, Giorgio Alberti, Gunnar Keppel, Geerten Hengeveld, Pierre L. Ibisch, Carlos Alberto Silva, Hans ter Steege, Pablo L. Peri, David A. Coomes, Eric B. Searle, Klaus von Gadow, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Akane Abbasi, Meinrad Abegg, Yves C. Adou Yao, Jesús Aguirre‐Gutiérrez, Angélica M. Almeyda Zambrano, Jan Altman, Esteban Álvarez‐Dávila, Juan Gabriél Álvarez‐González, Luciana F. Alves, Bienvenu H.K. Amani, Christian Amani, Christian Ammer, Bhély Angoboy Ilondea, Clara Antón‐Fernández, Valerio Avitabile, Gerardo A. Aymard C., Akomian Fortuné Azihou, Johan A. Baard, Timothy R. Baker, Radomir Bałazy, Meredith L. Bastian, Rodrigue Batumike, Marijn Bauters, Hans Beeckman, Nithanel Mikael Hendrik Benu, Robert Bitariho, Pascal Boeckx, Jan Bogaert, Frans Bongers, Olivier Bouriaud, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Susanne Brandl, Francis Q. Brearley, Jaime Briseno-Reyes, Eben N. Broadbent, Helge Bruelheide, Erwin Bulte, Ann Christine Catlin, Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, Ricardo G. César, Han Y. H. Chen, Chelsea Chisholm, Emil Cienciala, Gabriel Dalla Colletta, José Javier Corral‐Rivas, Aníbal Cuchietti, Aida Cuní‐Sanchez, Javid Ahmad Dar, Selvadurai Dayanandan, Thalès de Haulleville, Mathieu Decuyper, Sylvain Delabye, Géraldine Derroire, Ben DeVries, John Diisi, Tran Van Do, Jiří Doležal, Aurélie Dourdain, Graham Durrheim, Nestor Laurier Engone Obiang, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Teresa J. Eyre, Tom M. Fayle, Lethicia Flavine N. Feunang, Leena Finér, Markus Fischer, Jonas Fridman, Lorenzo Frizzera, André Luís de Gasper, Damiano Gianelle, Henry B. Glick, M. Socorro González‐Elizondo, Lev Gorenstein, Richard Habonayo, Olivier J. Hardy, David J. Harris, Andy Hector, Andreas Hemp, Martin Herold, Annika Hillers, Wannes Hubau, Thomas Ibanez, Nobuo Imai, Gérard Imani, Andrzej M. Jagodziński, Štěpán Janeček, Vivian Kvist Johannsen, Carlos Alfredo Joly, Blaise Jumbam, Louis Paul Roger Kabelong Banoho, Goytom Abraha Kahsay, Viktor Karminov, Kuswata Kartawinata, Elizabeth Kearsley, Deborah Kennard, Sebastian Kepfer‐Rojas, Mohammed Latif Khan, John N. Kigomo, Hyun Seok Kim, Carine Klauberg, Yannick Klomberg, Henn Korjus, S. Kothandaraman, Florian Kraxner, Amit Kumar, Relawan Kuswandi, Mait Lang, Michael J. Lawes, Rodrigo Vieira Leite, Geoffrey Lentner, Simon L. Lewis, Moses B. Libalah, Janvier Lisingo, Pablito Marcelo López‐Serrano, Huicui Lu, Н. В. Лукина, Anne Mette Lykke, Vincent Maicher, Brian Maitner, Éric Marcon, Andrew R. Marshall, Emanuel H. Martin, О. В. Мартыненко, Faustin M. Mbayu, Mũsingo Tito E. Mbuvi, Jorge A. Meave, Cory Merow, Stanisław Miścicki, Vanessa S. Moreno, Albert Morera, Sharif A. Mukul, Jörg Müller, Agustinus Murdjoko, María Guadalupe Nava‐Miranda, Litonga Elias Ndive, Victor J. Neldner, Radovan Nevenić, Louis N. Nforbelie, Anny Estelle N’Guessan, Michael R. Ngugi, Alain Senghor K. Ngute, Emile Narcisse Nana Njila, Melanie C. Nyako, Thomas O. Ochuodho, Jacek Oleksyn, Alain Paquette, E. I. Parfenova, Minjee Park, Marc Parren, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Sebastian Pfautsch, Oliver L. Phillips, María Teresa Fernández Piedade, Daniel Piotto, Martina Pollastrini, Lourens Poorter, John R. Poulsen, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Hans Pretzsch, Mirco Rodeghiero, Samir Rolim, Francesco Rovero, Ervan Rutishauser, Khosro Sagheb‐Talebi, Purabi Saikia, Moses N. Sainge, Christian Salas, Antonello Salis, Peter Schall, Dmitry Schepaschenko, Michael Scherer‐Lorenzen, Bernhard Schmid, Jochen Schöngart, Vladimír Šebeň, Giacomo Sellan, Federico Selvi, Josep M. Serra‐Diaz, Douglas Sheil, А. Shvidenko, Plínio Sist, Alexandre F. Souza, Krzysztof Stereńczak, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Somaiah Sundarapandian, Miroslav Svoboda, Mike D. Swaine, Natália Targhetta, N. M. Tchebakova, Liam Trethowan, Robert Tropek, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Peter M. Umunay, V. А. Usoltsev, Gaia Vaglio Laurin, Riccardo Valentini, Fernando Valladares, Fons van der Plas, Daniel José Vega-Nieva, Hans Verbeeck, Hélder Viana, Alexander Christian Vibrans, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Jason Vleminckx, Catherine E. Waite, Huifang Wang, Eric Katembo Wasingya, Chemuku Wekesa, Bertil Westerlund, Florian Wittmann, Verginia Wortel, Tomasz Zawiła‐Niedźwiecki, Chunyu Zhang, Xiuhai Zhao, Jun Zhu, Xiao Xiang Zhu, Zhi‐Xin Zhu, Irié C. Zo‐Bi, Cang Hui
Bibliographic record
VenueNature Ecology & Evolution · 2022
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicEcology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
Canadian institutionsUniversité du Québec à MontréalUniversity of GuelphConcordia UniversityLakehead University
FundersNarodowe Centrum Badań i RozwojuKorea Forest ServiceFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaScience and Engineering Research BoardNational Institute of Food and AgricultureDirectorate for Biological SciencesWageningen University and ResearchThünen-InstitutConsortium of International Agricultural Research CentersSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchNaturalis Biodiversity CenterNatural Science Foundation of Shandong ProvinceGraduate School, Duke UniversityMiljøstyrelsenMinistry of Environment and Sustainable DevelopmentRussian Academy of SciencesRussian Science FoundationBundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und ReaktorsicherheitFondo de Fomento al Desarrollo Científico y TecnológicoFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Estado de Santa CatarinaDirektoratet for UtviklingssamarbeidCouncil for Higher EducationInyuvesi Yakwazulu-NataliNational Geographic SocietyAkademie Věd České RepublikyVillum FondenMinistry of EnvironmentUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorQueensland GovernmentAgentúra na Podporu Výskumu a VývojaGeneralitat de CatalunyaDepartment of Environment and Science, Queensland GovernmentBundesamt für UmweltNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungAmerican Society of PrimatologistsRussian Foundation for Basic ResearchBentham-Moxon TrustGrantová Agentura České RepublikyNatural Environment Research CouncilU.S. Department of AgricultureMinistério da Ciência, Tecnologia e InovaçãoLeverhulme TrustEuropean CommissionFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloNational Council for Higher EducationAgence Nationale de la RechercheUniversity of South AustraliaDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftCentre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DéveloppementNational Research FoundationHORIZON EUROPE Framework ProgrammeU.S. Forest ServiceSveriges LantbruksuniversitetSight Research UKAgricultural Research ServiceSeoul National UniversityComisión Nacional ForestalConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoCritical Ecosystem Partnership FundEuropean Social FundRoyal SocietyManchester Metropolitan UniversityNarodowy Fundusz Ochrony Środowiska i Gospodarki WodnejUniversità degli Studi di UdineAustrian Development AgencyLeakey FoundationWildlife Conservation SocietyNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationUnited Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesNational Science FoundationPurdue UniversityUniversité de MontpellierDepartment of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian GovernmentUniversity of BristolInstituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaDanmarks Frie ForskningsfondGordon and Betty Moore FoundationHorizon 2020 Framework ProgrammeFinanciadora de Estudos e ProjetosWenner-Gren FoundationNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaSmithsonian InstitutionUniversiti Brunei DarussalamEuropean Space Agency
KeywordsLatitudeDiversity (politics)Environmental scienceGeographyPhysical geographyGeologyGeodesyPolitical science
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025° × 0.025°) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from ~1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesScience and technology studies, Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.010
Threshold uncertainty score1.000
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.007
GPT teacher head0.238
Teacher spread0.232 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations121
Published2022
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes